The effect of prenatal balanced energy and protein supplementation on small vulnerable newborn types in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data

Small vulnerable newborn (SVN) types, defined by combinations of being born too soon or too small, have distinct determinants, health consequences, and prevention strategies. The effects of prenatal balanced energy and protein (BEP) supplementation on SVN types remain unknown. Individual participant data from eight randomized controlled trials of prenatal BEP supplements in low- and middle-income countries were used, including data from 10,252 pregnant women. Findings showed that the consumption of BEP supplements during pregnancy reduced the risks of numerous SVN types, particularly the types that involve small-for-gestational-age births. Further research is needed to determine the optimal targeting approach for providing BEP supplements to vulnerable pregnant women who are most likely to benefit from the supplementation.