Long-Term Effects of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Early Childhood on the Cognitive Development of Children Aged 4-14 Years: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Inadequate nutrition, poor health care, and limited stimulation constrain early childhood development and cognitive potential. Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and early life are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and may impair cognitive outcomes. Maternal multiple-micronutrient (MMM) and point-of-use micronutrient powder (MNP) supplements improve birth outcomes and iron status, but their long-term cognitive impact remains unclear. This systematic review assessed the long-term impact of MMM and early-childhood MNP supplementation on cognitive development among children aged 4-14 years in LMICs.